Module 7 - Concluding views

Finally, we make some overall observations based on the lessons learned in the preceding modules. Those are reported for world trade, maritime shipping, ports specifically and finally also hinterland connections.

With respect to world trade, we make following observations:

• There is a high probability og more protectionism and further deglobalisation.
• Thera are more conflicts in the world, and the expectation is that their number will increase further (also linked to climate change).
• Population (in Europe at least) is not growing & more older then younger persons will be present.
• Industrial production is decreasing and wages are increasing (in Europe at least again).

With respect to maritime shipping, following observations emerge:

• There is more demand for green fuels.
• Transport costs increase.
• Most likely, there will be overcapacity (due to weakened demand, shorter transport distances, etc.).

For ports, the below lessons are drawn:

• Ports will become centres of production of green energy.
• They are also locations for the supply of green fuels/energy to vessels in particular.
• Ports feature a reduction of available staff and an increase in operational cost (higher staff costs).
• More digital applications (a.o. digital twins) for operations and port call processes will be developed.

Finally, following conclusions apply to hinterland transport:

• Hinterland transport features a high demand for green energy.
• A reduction of available staff and an increase in operational cost (higher staff costs) also hits here.
• More automation will likely happen given right conditions.